About India

India is one of the world's oldest civilizations, with a kaleidoscope of diversity and a rich cultural heritage. Since its independence over the last 65 years, it has made great progress social-economically. India has become self-sufficient in agricultural production and is now one of the most industrialized countries in the world, and one of the few that has ventured into space to conquer nature for the benefit of its people. It covers an area of ​​32,87,263 km² and stretches from the snowy heights of the Himalayas to the tropical rain-forests in the south. As the 7th largest country in the world, India stands out from the rest of Asia, separated by mountains and seas, giving the country a unique geographical presence. Surrounded by the Greater Himalayas to the north, it stretches on the Tropic of Capricorn between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west and tapers into the Indian Ocean. As you travel, India offers a wide range of tourism offerings, diverse in land and nature, people, tribes, cuisine, beliefs, dance forms, music, arts, crafts, adventures, sports, spirituality and history. Traveling from one state to another, these are also different. As a country, India has made significant progress social-economically since its independence over the past 70 years. This shift is clearly visible in Tier I and Tier II cities. But what's fascinating are the obvious differences when traveling through the old and new parts of the city. Crowded streets of the same city filled with thousands of small shops offering all kinds of modern and ethnic products and local street food, from world class airports and hotels, upscale shopping malls, restaurants, pubs and cafes and alleys are a fascinating experience.

A feature of India's history dates back to the Stone Age, with paintings adorning the rock shelters of Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh. These paintings represent the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known settlement he appeared over 9,000 years ago and gradually evolved into the Indus civilization, which lasted until 3300 BC. in the West Indies. It was followed by the Vedic civilization which laid the foundation for Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society. From around 550 B.C. many independent kingdoms and republics known as Mahajanapadas were established across the country.

A united empire in the 3rd century BC was founded by the Maurya dynasty under King Ashoka. most of South Asia. A series of invasions from Central Asia followed, including from 180 BC, led by the Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians, and the Kushans of the northwestern Indian subcontinent.From the 3rd century AD, the Gupta dynasty. oversaw what has been dubbed the "Golden Age" of Indian history. Prominent South Indian empires include Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Pallavas, Pandyas, and Cholas. Science, technology, art, literature, astronomy, and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings. Ajanta cave paintings in Aurangabad, Maharashtra were made in the 6th century.

A series of invasions from Central Asia from the 10th to the 12th century marked a significant milestone in Indian history as much of northern India came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal dynasty. The Mughal emperor gradually expanded his kingdom to cover most of the subcontinent. Nevertheless, some indigenous kingdoms, such as the Vijayanagara Empire, flourished, especially in the south. From the 17th century to his 18th century, the Mughal hegemony waned and the Marathas became the dominant power. Starting in the 16th century, several European nations such as Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and England arrived as traders and later established colonies within the country, taking advantage of rivalry between the kingdoms.

The first half of the 20th century is a pivotal period in India's history when the Indian National Congress and other political organizations launched a nationwide struggle for independence. Led by Mahatma Gandhi, millions of ahinsa, or nonviolent protesters, took part in a massive campaign of civil disobedience. India eventually gained independence from British rule on her August 15, 1947, but was split along religious lines due to the Muslim League's desire to create an Islamic state of Pakistan. . Three years later, on January 26, 1950, India became a republic and a new constitution came into force. Unfortunately, India's history since independence has been one of periods of poverty, corruption and intermittent chaos.

India's history is a mix of East and West. India has always been a haven for invaders, but at the same time its natural isolation and fascinating religion have allowed it to assimilate and absorb many peoples who invaded its mountain passes: Persians, Greeks, No matter how many Chinese nomads, Arabs, Portuguese, and British marauders invade this land, most of them are integrated into society, and the country is full of diversity in terms of culture, religion, language, and architecture. produced.

According to the latest estimates by the United Nations, the population of India as of 2022 is approximately 1.39 billion, making it the second most populous country in the world after China. India's population is expected to continue to grow, with estimates suggesting that it may surpass China's population by 2027.

India's population is diverse, with a wide range of languages, religions, and ethnicities represented. The country's population is concentrated in urban areas, with around 34% of the population living in cities and towns. The largest cities in India are Mumbai, Delhi, and Bengaluru.

India's population has significant implications for the country's economy, infrastructure, and social welfare systems. The Indian government has implemented various policies and initiatives to address population growth, including family planning programs and education campaigns. Despite these efforts, India's population growth remains a challenge for the country's development.

First, most high-ranking Hindus in northern India have a Sanskrit-derived language. Secondly, there are people living in the region south of Vindia in India who speak languages ​​such as Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam which are quite different from Sanskrit. These are known collectively as "Dravidians". Third, the primitive tribes living in the hills and jungles of India, as mentioned above, make up his 8% of India's total population. kols, bhils, and mundas belong to this class. Fourth, there are people with a strong Mongol character living on the Indian Himalayan slopes and the Assam Mountains. The Gorkhas, Bhutiya, and Khasis tribes are prominent examples of this. There is a deep cultural continuity that unites people, but it is impossible to talk about Indian culture.In all, there are 14 official languages, although English is the main language of commerce and politics. There are 24 languages ​​and countless dialects spoken by over a million people. India has her seven major religions and many minor ones, with six major ethnic groups and countless holy days.

Located at the foothills of the Indian Himalayas, the northern region of India is blessed with diverse cultures, religions, magnificent monuments, vast wildlife parks and reserves, sacred rivers, the majestic Himalayas and diverse climates. increase. All of northern India shares borders with countries such as Pakistan, China, Nepal, and Bhutan from the northwest to the northeast. Geographically, North India has great diversity. The towering Himalayas, the breathtaking mountain beauty of Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir, the agriculturally rich plains of Punjab, Haryana and the Ganga Valley of Uttar Pradesh, home to many ancient civilizations. , creating an incredibly rich visual extravaganza. This rich cultural tapestry is woven with vibrant threads of color, including dance, music, food, costume, language, customs and festivals. The sources of the sacred rivers Ganges, Yamuna and many other important rivers are in northern India.

The southern part of India borders the Indian Ocean and is rich in wildlife, flora and fauna, and temples. South India is a geographical and linguistic-cultural region of India. Geographically, South India is a vast triangular peninsula bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. The Vindhya and Satpura ranges and the Narmada River form the traditional border between North and South India. South of Satpuras in the middle of the peninsula is the Deccan Plateau defined by the Western Ghats running along the western edge of the peninsula and the Eastern Ghats along the eastern edge. The major rivers of South India, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri (Cauvery), originate in the Western Ghats, cross the Deccan, and flow into the Bay of Bengal through a gap in the Eastern Ghats. South India is a region located in the southern part of India, consisting of the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry. It is known for its diverse culture, cuisine, history, and natural beauty.

The history of South India can be traced back to the ancient Dravidian civilization, which flourished in the region. It was later ruled by various dynasties, such as the Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras, who left their mark on the region through their architectural marvels, such as temples and forts. South India is also blessed with a diverse landscape, ranging from the tropical forests of the Western Ghats to the beaches of Kerala and the Deccan Plateau. Some of the popular tourist destinations in South India include the backwaters of Kerala, the hill stations of Ooty and Kodaikanal, and the temples of Hampi and Mahabalipuram.

The dominant features of South India are its milder tropical climate than the northern states, the lush green tropical vegetation of its coastal areas, and its architecture, culture, language and It's a way of life. The influence remains Dravidian in nature, at its core.This is a land of temples, a land of pious people, where jasmine and 'Kanakambaram' flowers bloom and far away when another festival begins. A taiko drum resounds softly. Major languages ​​include Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Tulu. The main garment for women in South India is the sari, and for men, the lungi, which is also a seamless drape like a sari.Rice is the staple food, and fish is an essential part of coastal cuisine in South India. Coconut is a key ingredient in many cuisines of the South Indian population, who make their living primarily from agriculture and, like most people in India, are dependent on the monsoons. Major crops grown in South India include rice, sorghum, millet, legumes, cotton, chilli and ragi. South India was the "promised land" of spice cultivation. Areca, coffee, pepper, tapioca and cardamom are widely grown in the Nilgiri Hills and Coorg. Education is highly valued in South Indian communities and seen as a gateway to a better life.

India's climate is generally described as tropical monsoon. India's climate is influenced by her two monsoons, the northeast monsoon and the southwest monsoon. The northeast monsoon, commonly known as the winter monsoon, blows from land to sea, while the southwest monsoon, commonly known as the summer monsoon, blows from sea to land across the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The southwest monsoon brings most of the precipitation to the country throughout the year.

Cycle of seasons: India has four seasons. Winter (January-February), Summer (March-May), Monsoon Progression (June-September), Post-Monsoon Season (also known as South Peninsula Northeast Monsoon) (October-December).

Summer: The three months from April to June are summer in most parts of India. In general, many parts of India experience high temperatures in April. The average temperature at this time of year is around 30°C. However, temperatures rise up to 40°C in some places in the plateau and stay around 20°C in the Himalayan region.

Winter: Winter in India is from December to February. During this time, clouds and a dry northeast monsoon move across various parts of India, causing temperatures to drop significantly. In the Himalayan region, temperatures are much cooler (between 5°C and 10°C). However, cyclones (coming from the west) can bring storms and rain. This is known as the West Disturbance.

Rainy: The rainy season in India usually starts in the second week of July and lasts until the second week of October. From the second week of June, the wet monsoon invades various parts of India, bringing rains across the state.

Spring: A pleasant breeze heralds the arrival of spring. It refreshes our body and mind. The landscape seems to be decorated with green leaves and flowers. Birds are chirping in the flower garden, and bees are buzzing around. Trees and vines are covered with beautiful flowers. bees buzz among them all day long.

India's history and culture are steeped in wealth and prosperity, and it has undoubtedly had a major impact on the development of today's society.Home to the civilizations of the Indus Valley, it is home to historic trade routes and vast empires. As a region, India's history is intertwined with commercial and cultural wealth spanning the past millennia. Her four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Islam and Christianity emerged in the first millennium, giving rise to the diversity of the region. I blended into the culture. India became a modern nation-state in 1947 after a struggle for independence characterized by widespread non-violent resistance. The history of India can be divided into four main periods: ancient, medieval, modern and post-independence.

The Constitution completed in 1950, which introduced a secular and democratic republic, was decisive for India's self-image as an independent nation. It maintains a democracy with civil liberties, an active Supreme Court, and a largely independent press. has become one of the most popular Pakistanis in the world. The fastest growing economy and its geopolitical influence.Indian films, music and spiritual teachings are playing an increasingly important role in global culture. But India also suffers from unrelenting poverty in both rural and urban areas. through religious and caste violence; through the Maoist-inspired Naxalite uprising. And through separatism in Jammu and Kashmir and northeast India. Territorial disputes with China remain unresolved, and in 1998 the nuclear confrontation between India and Pakistan reached its climax. India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's emerging economies. Despite recent economic gains, lifting the disadvantaged out of misery remains a goal to be achieved.

Indians have grown and consumed the same types of grains and pulses that they have been eating for thousands of years. Today's staples such as lentils, whole grains, rice and pearl millet have been around since about 6,000 BC. part of the indian diet.

India has been producing salt for more than 5,000 years, especially in the Rann of Kutch region in the state of Gujarat. Evidence of the use of black pepper in Indian cuisine has been found as far back as 2000 BC. The southern state of Kerala is known across the oceans for its export of black pepper in ancient times when the spice was dubbed 'black gold' and considered a prized commodity in many parts of the world. gender.

According to Ayurveda, the ancient Indian medical system, there are three main types of food - Satvic, Rajasic and Tamasic. Satvic foods include anything natural and minimally processed, such as vegetables, and are considered to have a positive, calming and purifying effect on the body and mind. Rajasic food is spicy, greasy, salty or bitter and stimulates ambition, competition and selfish pursuits. Tamasic foods are over-processed, toxic, difficult to digest, and have a negative impact on mind and body.

India is known as the "land of spices", India is the largest producer of spices in the world. The country produces more than 70% of the world's spices and is also home to more spices than anywhere else in the world. India is home to one of the hottest peppers in the world - bhut jolokia or ghost pepper - estimated to be about 400 times hotter than Tabasco sauce. Grown in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland and Manipur, this chili was certified by Guinness World Records as the hottest in the world in 2007, although it has lost its place in the following years.

India has a rich and diverse cultural heritage, and this is reflected in its clothing traditions. The type of clothing worn in India varies greatly depending on the region, religion, and occasion. Here are some general things to know about clothing in India:

1. Traditional clothing: In many parts of India, traditional clothing is still very common. Women often wear saris, which are long pieces of fabric draped around the body, or salwar kameez, which is a tunic and pants combination. Men typically wear kurta pajamas, which are loose-fitting shirts and pants.

2. Western clothing: Western clothing such as jeans, t-shirts, and skirts are also popular in India, especially among younger generations and in urban areas.

3. Religious clothing: Different religions in India have their own traditional clothing. For example, Muslim women may wear burqas or hijabs, while Sikh men may wear turbans.

4. Festival clothing: During festivals and special occasions, people in India often wear traditional clothing. For example, during Diwali, women may wear brightly colored saris, while men may wear kurtas with embellishments.

5. Climate: The climate in India varies greatly, from the hot and humid south to the cold and dry north. People often choose their clothing based on the climate of their region.

6. Textiles: India is known for its textile industry, and fabrics such as silk, cotton, and wool are commonly used to make clothing. Different regions of India are known for their unique textiles and weaving techniques.

7. Fashion industry: India has a thriving fashion industry, with designers creating both traditional and modern clothing styles. Fashion weeks are held in major cities such as Mumbai and Delhi, showcasing the latest trends in Indian fashion.

The best time to travel in India depends on the region you plan to visit and the activities you want to do. Here is a general overview of the best times to visit different regions in India:

1. North India: The best time to visit North India is from October to March when the weather is cooler and more pleasant. This is also the peak tourist season, so be prepared for larger crowds and higher prices. During this time, you can visit popular destinations such as Delhi, Jaipur, Agra, and Varanasi.

2. South India: The best time to visit South India is from November to February when the weather is cooler and drier. During this time, you can explore destinations such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.

3. Himalayas: The best time to visit the Himalayas is from April to June and from September to November. During these months, the weather is mild and ideal for trekking and hiking.

4. Beaches: The best time to visit the beaches of India varies depending on the location. The beaches of Goa are best visited from November to March, while the beaches of Kerala and Tamil Nadu are best visited from November to February.

5. Wildlife: The best time to visit India's wildlife reserves is from October to June, when the weather is cooler and drier. This is also the best time to spot tigers, elephants, and other animals in their natural habitats.

It's important to note that India is a vast and diverse country, and the climate can vary greatly depending on the region. It's always a good idea to check the weather forecast and plan your trip accordingly.

India has a rich and diverse tradition of art and architecture that reflects the country's cultural and historical heritage. Here are some key features of Indian art and architecture:

1. Classical Indian art: Classical Indian art encompasses a range of styles and forms, including sculpture, painting, and textiles. Indian art is characterized by its intricate details, vibrant colors, and religious themes. Some of the most famous examples of classical Indian art include the Ajanta and Ellora Caves in Maharashtra, the Khajuraho temples in Madhya Pradesh, and the sculptures of the Sun Temple in Konark, Odisha.

2. Mughal architecture: The Mughal period in India (1526-1858) was marked by the construction of grand monuments and buildings. Mughal architecture is characterized by its use of red sandstone and white marble, intricate patterns and designs, and the incorporation of elements from Persian and Islamic architecture. Some of the most famous examples of Mughal architecture in India include the Taj Mahal in Agra, the Red Fort in Delhi, and the Jama Masjid in Delhi.

3. Hindu temple architecture: Hindu temple architecture varies greatly depending on the region, but it is often characterized by its ornate carvings, intricate sculptures, and the use of stone or brick. Temples are typically designed to represent the Hindu universe, with different sections representing different elements of the cosmos. Some of the most famous examples of Hindu temple architecture in India include the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Tamil Nadu, the Khajuraho Temples in Madhya Pradesh, and the Konark Sun Temple in Odisha.

4. Modern and contemporary art: India has a thriving modern and contemporary art scene, with artists working in a variety of mediums, including painting, sculpture, installation art, and performance art. Some of the most famous modern and contemporary artists from India include Tyeb Mehta, MF Husain, Subodh Gupta, and Bharti Kher.

Overall, Indian art and architecture are characterized by their rich history, diverse styles, and intricate details. From ancient sculptures and temples to modern art galleries and museums, India has something to offer for every art and architecture enthusiast.

India is a diverse country with many religions, each with its own traditions, beliefs, and practices. Here are the major religions in India:

1. Hinduism: Hinduism is the largest religion in India, with approximately 80% of the population identifying as Hindu. It is a complex and diverse religion with a long history that encompasses a range of beliefs, practices, and philosophies. Hinduism is characterized by its belief in multiple deities, the cycle of birth and rebirth, and the pursuit of ultimate liberation.

2. Islam: Islam is the second-largest religion in India, with approximately 14% of the population identifying as Muslim. It was introduced to India in the 7th century and has since had a significant impact on Indian culture, architecture, and cuisine. Islam is characterized by its belief in one God (Allah), the importance of prayer and charity, and the observance of the Five Pillars of Islam.

3. Christianity: Christianity is the third-largest religion in India, with approximately 2% of the population identifying as Christian. It was introduced to India by European missionaries and has since grown to include a diverse range of denominations, including Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox Christianity.

4. Sikhism: Sikhism is a monotheistic religion that originated in Punjab in the 15th century. It is the fourth-largest religion in India, with approximately 2% of the population identifying as Sikh. Sikhism is characterized by its belief in one God (Waheguru), the importance of living a virtuous life, and the practice of meditation and selfless service.

5. Buddhism: Buddhism originated in India in the 6th century BCE and has since spread to other parts of Asia and the world. It is the fifth-largest religion in India, with approximately 0.7% of the population identifying as Buddhist. Buddhism is characterized by its belief in the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the pursuit of enlightenment.

Other religions practiced in India include Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and the Baha'i Faith. India is known for its religious diversity and tolerance, with people of different religions living and working together in harmony.

India is a vast country with 28 states and 8 Union territories. Here is a list of the 28 states of India along with their capital cities: